Students’ Willingness to Communicate in English in EFL Digital Context:
A Narrative Inquiry
Keywords:
Willingness to Communicate, Digital Context, Narrative Inquiry
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of social media on students' Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in digital contexts in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). WTC is defined as an individual's readiness to communicate verbally or remain silent when given the freedom to choose. This research utilizes a Narrative Inquiry approach to explore the experiences of an Indonesian EFL learner at the University of Islam Malang. Data was collected through in-depth narrative interviews, focusing on the participant's use of social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and Telegram for English communication. Findings reveal that digital interactions significantly enhance the participant's motivation, confidence, and language proficiency. Social media platforms facilitate real-time communication, expose learners to diverse linguistic contexts, and provide opportunities for immersive language practice. This study underscores the importance of integrating digital tools into traditional language education to support self-directed learning and improve students' WTC in English. These insights contribute to the growing research on Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE) and its role in language acquisition and communication readiness.
References
Abrar, M. (2019). Re-telling: A Narrative Inquiry of Indonesian Graduate Students' Speaking Experiences in a United Kingdom University. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(3), 588-596.
Arifatin, F. W. (2022). A Narrative Inquiry Study on Language Learning through Pop-Up Book. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial, Dan Budaya, 12(2), 180-195.
Barjesteh, H. S. (2012). Iranian EFL Learners' Willingness to Communicate: The Effects of Interlocutor Proficiency and Classroom Setting. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 3(5), 950-958.
Bernales, C. (2016). Examining the Willingness to Communicate (WTC) of International Students in the United States. TESOL Journal, 7(1), 102-125.
Bernales, C. (2016). Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language Classroom: An Interview Study of Chilean Learners. PROFILE: Issues in Teachers' Professional Development, 18(2), 39-52.
Bursali, E. (2017). Willingness to Communicate in English: A Literature Review on Learners' Anxiety, Motivation, and Attitudes. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(1), 128-148.
Bursali, N. (2017). The Relationship between Willingness to Communicate in English and Turkish Students’ Oral Exam Scores. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(1), 47-58.
Cha, J., & Kim, T.-Y. (2013). Speaking Anxiety and Willingness to Communicate in English as a Second Language. System, 41(2), 462-471.
Chen, X., Dewaele, J.-M., & Zhang, T. (2022). Sustainable Development of EFL/ESL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate: The Effects of Teachers and Teaching Styles. Sustainability, 14(1), 1-15.
Clandinin, D. J. (2007). Navigating Sites for Narrative Inquiry. Journal of Teacher Education, 58(1), 21-35.
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2-14.
Freiermuth, M. R. (2006a). Online Chats and Oral Proficiency: A Comparison of Japanese Learners of English and Pen Pals. Language Learning & Technology, 10(3), 87-108.
Freiermuth, M. R. (2006b). Online Chatting and Interaction among Second Language Learners. CALICO Journal, 23(3), 475-496.
Goldoust, M. (2017). Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language: A Literature Review. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 4(7), 239-248.
Goldoust, S. (2017). Willingness to Communicate in English as a Second Language: A Qualitative Study of Iranian EFL Learners. English Language Teaching, 10(5), 114-123.
Jalil, H., Islam, M., & Hamdany, B. (2024). Undergraduate Students’ Perception on Using Ome tv as a Tool in Improving English Speaking Skill. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 7(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v7i1.4017
Kang, S. J. (2005). Dynamic Emergence of Situational Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language. System, 33(2), 277-292.
Kissau, S., & Salas, S. (2010). Facilitating Second Language Speech Production with Interactive Chat Technologies. Language Learning & Technology, 14(1), 92-110.
Lee, H. W. (2014). Improving English Speaking Proficiency through Independent Digital Language Learning (IDLE): A Case Study in South Korea. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 245-268.
Lee, H. W. (2019a). Willingness to Communicate in Digital Language Learning Contexts: A Study of Self-Directed EFL Learners in South Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 6(4), 37-49.
Lee, H. W. (2019b). Independent Digital Language Learning (IDLE) as a Viable Option for Enhancing English Speaking Proficiency among Korean Students. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 10(3), 272-284.
Lee, J. H. (2019). Affective Variables and Willingness to Communicate of EFL Learners in In-Class, Out-Of-Class, and Digital Contexts. System, 82, 1-12.
Lee, J. S. (2017). Social Media Use, Participation, and Willingness to Communicate in English: A Correlational Study. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 6(2), 261-279.
Lee, J. S. (2019a). Affective Variables and WTC of EFL Learners in In-Class, Out-Of-Class, and Digital Contexts. System, 82, 1-12.
Lee, J. S. (2019b). Willingness to Communicate in Digital and Non-Digital EFL Contexts. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(5-6), 468-492.
Lee, J. S. (2019c). Contextual Factors Shaping Second Language Willingness to Communicate in Digital Environments. System, 82, 1-12.
MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in A L2: A Situational Model of L2 Confidence and Affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545-562.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Doucette, J. (2007). Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language: Understanding the Decision to Speak as a Volitional Process. Modern Language Journal, 91(4), 564-576.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Legatto, J. (2011). A Dynamic System Approach to Willingness to Communicate: Developing an Idiodynamic Method to Capture Rapidly Changing Affect. Applied Linguistics, 32(2), 149-171.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Mercer, S. (2020). Positive Language Education: Combining Positive Psychology and Language Education. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(11), 1267-1280.
Malyndra, D. D. (2020). Students' Willingness to Communicate in Extramural English Activities in Digital EFL Context: A Narrative Inquiry. Journal of English Language Education (Edulanguage), 8(1), 44-59.
Ningsih, S. N. (2018). The Willingness to Communicate and Motivation among EFL Students: A Case Study at STKIP PGRI Jombang. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies, 5(2), 107-121.
Ningsih, Y. K. (2018). Investigating Indonesian EFL Learners' Willingness to Communicate in English. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 6(3), 36-48.
Reinders, H., & Wattana, S. (2015). Authenticity, Motivation, and CALL. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 52(6), 588-599.
Saskia, H. M., & Sukirlan, M. (2021). Affective Variables Contributing to Indonesian EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate within Face-To-Face and Digital Environments. Cogent Education, 8(1), 189-204.
Seidlhofer, B. (2005). English as a Lingua Franca. ELT Journal, 59(4), 339-341.
Sundqvist, P., & Sylvén, L. K. (2016). Second Language Learners' L2 Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in Face-to-Face and Digital Modes. System, 59, 89-102.
Umamah, A., & Cahyono, B. Y. (2022). EFL university students’ use of online resources to facilitate self-regulated writing. Computer Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal (CALL-EJ), 23(1), 108-124.
Weda, S. A., & Sakai, T. (2021). Factors Affecting Students’ Willingness to Communicate in EFL Classroom at Higher Institution in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 105-124.
Yu, L. (2011). Willingness to Communicate: A Comparison between Chinese and American University Students. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 34(2), 103-121.
Yulita, F., & Hertiki, H. (2023). Tiktok as a Learning Media in Teaching Speaking Skill: EFL Students’ Perception. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 6(2), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v6i2.3104
Yunus, M., Efendi, E., Ronald, R., Ubaidillah, M. F., & Lee, H. Y. (2023). Willingness to Communicate in English: An interview Study with Indonesian Vocational High School Students. Langkawi Journal of the Association for Arabic and English, 9(1), 44-55.
Arifatin, F. W. (2022). A Narrative Inquiry Study on Language Learning through Pop-Up Book. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial, Dan Budaya, 12(2), 180-195.
Barjesteh, H. S. (2012). Iranian EFL Learners' Willingness to Communicate: The Effects of Interlocutor Proficiency and Classroom Setting. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 3(5), 950-958.
Bernales, C. (2016). Examining the Willingness to Communicate (WTC) of International Students in the United States. TESOL Journal, 7(1), 102-125.
Bernales, C. (2016). Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language Classroom: An Interview Study of Chilean Learners. PROFILE: Issues in Teachers' Professional Development, 18(2), 39-52.
Bursali, E. (2017). Willingness to Communicate in English: A Literature Review on Learners' Anxiety, Motivation, and Attitudes. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(1), 128-148.
Bursali, N. (2017). The Relationship between Willingness to Communicate in English and Turkish Students’ Oral Exam Scores. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(1), 47-58.
Cha, J., & Kim, T.-Y. (2013). Speaking Anxiety and Willingness to Communicate in English as a Second Language. System, 41(2), 462-471.
Chen, X., Dewaele, J.-M., & Zhang, T. (2022). Sustainable Development of EFL/ESL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate: The Effects of Teachers and Teaching Styles. Sustainability, 14(1), 1-15.
Clandinin, D. J. (2007). Navigating Sites for Narrative Inquiry. Journal of Teacher Education, 58(1), 21-35.
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2-14.
Freiermuth, M. R. (2006a). Online Chats and Oral Proficiency: A Comparison of Japanese Learners of English and Pen Pals. Language Learning & Technology, 10(3), 87-108.
Freiermuth, M. R. (2006b). Online Chatting and Interaction among Second Language Learners. CALICO Journal, 23(3), 475-496.
Goldoust, M. (2017). Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language: A Literature Review. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 4(7), 239-248.
Goldoust, S. (2017). Willingness to Communicate in English as a Second Language: A Qualitative Study of Iranian EFL Learners. English Language Teaching, 10(5), 114-123.
Jalil, H., Islam, M., & Hamdany, B. (2024). Undergraduate Students’ Perception on Using Ome tv as a Tool in Improving English Speaking Skill. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 7(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v7i1.4017
Kang, S. J. (2005). Dynamic Emergence of Situational Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language. System, 33(2), 277-292.
Kissau, S., & Salas, S. (2010). Facilitating Second Language Speech Production with Interactive Chat Technologies. Language Learning & Technology, 14(1), 92-110.
Lee, H. W. (2014). Improving English Speaking Proficiency through Independent Digital Language Learning (IDLE): A Case Study in South Korea. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 245-268.
Lee, H. W. (2019a). Willingness to Communicate in Digital Language Learning Contexts: A Study of Self-Directed EFL Learners in South Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 6(4), 37-49.
Lee, H. W. (2019b). Independent Digital Language Learning (IDLE) as a Viable Option for Enhancing English Speaking Proficiency among Korean Students. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 10(3), 272-284.
Lee, J. H. (2019). Affective Variables and Willingness to Communicate of EFL Learners in In-Class, Out-Of-Class, and Digital Contexts. System, 82, 1-12.
Lee, J. S. (2017). Social Media Use, Participation, and Willingness to Communicate in English: A Correlational Study. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 6(2), 261-279.
Lee, J. S. (2019a). Affective Variables and WTC of EFL Learners in In-Class, Out-Of-Class, and Digital Contexts. System, 82, 1-12.
Lee, J. S. (2019b). Willingness to Communicate in Digital and Non-Digital EFL Contexts. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(5-6), 468-492.
Lee, J. S. (2019c). Contextual Factors Shaping Second Language Willingness to Communicate in Digital Environments. System, 82, 1-12.
MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in A L2: A Situational Model of L2 Confidence and Affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545-562.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Doucette, J. (2007). Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language: Understanding the Decision to Speak as a Volitional Process. Modern Language Journal, 91(4), 564-576.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Legatto, J. (2011). A Dynamic System Approach to Willingness to Communicate: Developing an Idiodynamic Method to Capture Rapidly Changing Affect. Applied Linguistics, 32(2), 149-171.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Mercer, S. (2020). Positive Language Education: Combining Positive Psychology and Language Education. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(11), 1267-1280.
Malyndra, D. D. (2020). Students' Willingness to Communicate in Extramural English Activities in Digital EFL Context: A Narrative Inquiry. Journal of English Language Education (Edulanguage), 8(1), 44-59.
Ningsih, S. N. (2018). The Willingness to Communicate and Motivation among EFL Students: A Case Study at STKIP PGRI Jombang. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies, 5(2), 107-121.
Ningsih, Y. K. (2018). Investigating Indonesian EFL Learners' Willingness to Communicate in English. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 6(3), 36-48.
Reinders, H., & Wattana, S. (2015). Authenticity, Motivation, and CALL. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 52(6), 588-599.
Saskia, H. M., & Sukirlan, M. (2021). Affective Variables Contributing to Indonesian EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate within Face-To-Face and Digital Environments. Cogent Education, 8(1), 189-204.
Seidlhofer, B. (2005). English as a Lingua Franca. ELT Journal, 59(4), 339-341.
Sundqvist, P., & Sylvén, L. K. (2016). Second Language Learners' L2 Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in Face-to-Face and Digital Modes. System, 59, 89-102.
Umamah, A., & Cahyono, B. Y. (2022). EFL university students’ use of online resources to facilitate self-regulated writing. Computer Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal (CALL-EJ), 23(1), 108-124.
Weda, S. A., & Sakai, T. (2021). Factors Affecting Students’ Willingness to Communicate in EFL Classroom at Higher Institution in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 105-124.
Yu, L. (2011). Willingness to Communicate: A Comparison between Chinese and American University Students. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 34(2), 103-121.
Yulita, F., & Hertiki, H. (2023). Tiktok as a Learning Media in Teaching Speaking Skill: EFL Students’ Perception. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 6(2), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v6i2.3104
Yunus, M., Efendi, E., Ronald, R., Ubaidillah, M. F., & Lee, H. Y. (2023). Willingness to Communicate in English: An interview Study with Indonesian Vocational High School Students. Langkawi Journal of the Association for Arabic and English, 9(1), 44-55.
Published
2024-07-24
How to Cite
Jannah, L. R., Sholihah, F., & Ni’mah, D. (2024). Students’ Willingness to Communicate in English in EFL Digital Context:. Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 7(2), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v7i2.4237
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Lutfi Ro’ihatul Jannah, Fitri Awaliyatush Sholihah, Dzurriyyatun Ni’mah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy by http://ejurnal.budiutomomalang.ac.id/index.php/journey/index is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
